In most of the developing countries, particularly in Asian countries, the initial step of electricity industry restructuring has begun by spot market design. In addition, electricity industry, all around the world, is approaching competitive markets. Meanwhile there are many unanswered questions including deregulation mechanism. In this new framework, producers are considered as private companies which are responsible for their decisions.This paper presents a regional model for the deregulated electricity market where producers trade the electricity with distribution utilities Based on spot prices. A mathematical programming model is used to calculate an appropriate Base for electricity market transactions. The model has been implemented while different power plants produce electricity and demand fluctuates permanently. The model minimizes total variable costs subject to generation and demand constrains. Isfahan electricity market is considered as empirical evidence. To run the model, General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) software has been used.

Esthetic is a natural necessity among all human beings, and the reconstruction of the natural features of prosthesis is considered an important aspect in dentistry. Reconstruction of the natural features in removable prosthesis by characterization of denture Base is one of the most important factors. In this regard esthetic, in removable prostheses, is achieved through different techniques such as: tooth selection and arrangement, designing the denture Base and acrylic Base color. The final goal for all these effects is to achieve a natural appearance for denture. However, other factors such as treatment limitations, different personal needs and general health principles, should be taken into consideration. This article not only reviews the natural appearance of oral mucosa that is replaced by the denture Base, but also discusses about the materials used in tinting acrylic denture Base and their application techniques.

The main axis of this writing and what causes dispute are that in some cases after the fact of two or more successive transactions towards the object of transaction, the transferor of ownership measures for termination of Base transaction. Lawyers and tribunals have not consensus in confronting such a case and concerning the circumstances of possession of first purchaser and consecutive possessors, so they issue contradictory judgments that will harm the rights of the third party beneficiary. Hesitation about set of related articles to this subject in civil code especially article 454 and also scrutiny in scholars and lawyers make it clear that legislature follows opinions of lawyers and scholars that separate legal options and contractual options from each other and makes his possessions not operative but it should be noted about executing legal options by beneficiary of an option that the above-mentioned possession is in lieu of property destruction of contract subject due to validity of possessions by the customer. Therefore, vendor is merely entitled of counterfeit. We tried to consider that various promises and divergence of Islamic jurisprudence and subjected law are classified according to nature of aforesaid possession. They are analyzed by explaining foundations and their side effects and relying on legal provisions and rules and they are also explained correctly. So, the influence of the present analyze on application step (judicial precedent) is undeniable.

Introducing the transaction cost economics (TCE), the article, as its main concerns, tries to explain the method of making the concept of transaction cost operational and applying it in empirical studies. In this paper, the writer tries to provide some answers to these questions: How do followers of institutionalism and transaction cost economists use this concept in practice and empirical studies? And basically, do they have any coherent method to deal with subject matters of economics or that institutional approach is only story telling?New institutional economics (NIB)are divided into two main areas; institutional environment and institutional arrangement. TCE is related to the institutional arrangement and Williamson has related it into governance structure. Coase's article entitled "The Nature of the Firm" is the beginning of this approach which emphasizes the firm must be considered as a governance structure, rather than a production function or a technological construction. TCE tends to make the concept of transaction cost operational and for achieving this purpose, uses the idea of firm as a governance structure and develop "discriminating alignment" hypothesis.

Nowadays, information plays an important role in organizations. Sensitive information is often stored in dataBases. Traditional mechanisms such as encryption, access control, and authentication cannot provide a high level of confidence. Therefore, the existence of Intrusion Detection Systems in dataBases are necessary. In this paper, we propose an intrusion detection system for detecting attacks in both dataBase transaction level and inter-transaction level (user task level). For this purpose, we propose a detection method at transaction level, which is Based on describing the expected transactions within the dataBase applications. Then at inter-transaction level, we propose a detection method that is Based on anomaly detection and uses data mining to find dependency and sequence rules. The main advantage of this system, in comparison with the previous dataBase intrusion detection systems, is that it can detect malicious behaviors in both transaction and inter-transaction levels.Also, it gains advantages of a hybrid method, including specification-Based detection and anomaly detection, to minimize both false positive and false negative alarms. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed system, some experiments have been done. The experiment results demonstrate that the true positive rate (recall metric) is higher than 80%, and the false positive rate is lower than 10% per different data sets and choosing appropriate ranges for support and confidence thresholds. The experimental evaluation results show high accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed system.

oubt in the transaction” occurs when the definite conclusion of the two parties of the transaction concern to uncertain parts of two or more than to things. The majority Shiite jurisprudents, as well as some jurists have prohibited the uncertainty in transaction and considered it to be harmful for reasons such as consensus, invoking to some narrations, the impossibility of availability of uncertain thing, ambiguity, risk, non-applicability of such transactions, foolishness of this act, analogous to uncertain compromising, and incorrectness of the concluding of the contract. Iran’ s civil law, following the majority, has necessitated “ the defined subject” for the correctness of the transaction. By criticizing the reasons of the prohibition of doubting in transaction, and also by referring to reasons such as generalities, invoking to the traditions regarding marriage, uncertain testament and vow, the present article has determined the validity of the transaction that its subject is uncertain and made possible spreading its validity to the assumption that the collection that consists of the things that have different prices. And in the end, it has suggested two solutions of stipulation and drawing lots for determining the subject of the transaction.